The identification of jade articles and modern imitations in the Qing Dynasty is a relatively prominent problem. Although the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty have a history of two or three hundred years, they are far from now. Therefore, jade is relatively similar to modern imitations in terms of modern style, technology, equipment and materials. On the other hand, the Qing Dynasty jade articles, which were unearthed or handed down, are not very obvious in their own changes. In today's rapid development of modern high-tech, it is relatively easy to imitate manufacturing. The imitation of the Qing Dynasty jade is not like the imitation of the ancient jade, from the style, crafts and materials, light and texture, corrosion and bedding, pits or mature pits, etc., the jade in the Qing Dynasty only needs style and mature effect It is easier to do the imitation of the imitation.
In this case, it has caused us more difficulties in identification and collection. To solve this problem from the original, only the jade processing equipment, process skills, processing methods, mechanical effects and jade texture changes, detailed technical analysis and scientific argumentation, otherwise there is no other more accurate and effective means to solve The current problem of falsification. When we grasp the differences, subtle changes and different characteristics between the authentic jade, we can accurately separate the modern imitation from the jade in the Qing Dynasty. The author uses the analysis and comparison method to discuss these differences.
I. Comparison of materials used in jadeware in the Qing Dynasty and modern imitation jade
In the Qing Dynasty, jade materials were mainly from Hetian jade in Xinjiang. In addition, jade materials such as white jade, topaz, jasper and jade were widely used. Generally, high-white jade materials are used for the processing of official products and fine products, and the rest are used for folk use. In the Qing Dynasty, jade articles generally said that the jade quality process is also exquisite, and the jade quality process is relatively general. Most of the jade materials with cracked, dirty and leathery are used for the processing of general jade and antique jade.
In addition to the use of a small amount of high-white jade material to make jade pendants, jade cards, etc., there are few cases of making jade articles with large materials or large materials. More widely used is the use of blue and white jade, residual materials and other jade materials. Due to the difficulty of the source of materials, the counterfeiters often use newly developed substitute materials. The jade structure, hardness and density of this substitute materials are obviously different from those of Hetian jade.
Second, the accuracy comparison between the jade equipment of the Qing Dynasty and the modern imitation jade equipment
There is no electric device in the jade equipment of the Qing Dynasty, and there is no stepless speed change device, and the materials, structure and precision of the equipment are relatively primitive. Due to the low degree of mechanization of the equipment, the material structure of the equipment is poor, which inevitably leads to self-wearing of the equipment and materials, which may result in poor accuracy and stability of the equipment, and low grinding processing efficiency. Therefore, the large process error is a process defect and process characteristic that cannot be avoided in the processing of jade in the Qing Dynasty. This kind of defects and features are clearly reflected in the artistic effect of jade. This can be found in the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty. There are not small errors in the process precision, such as errors in symmetry, errors in line grinding and parallelism. The error on the surface of the grinding base also fully shows the level of jade equipment and technology in the Qing Dynasty.
In today's rapid development of high technology, jade equipment and precision, materials and structures, tools and media, efficiency and stability, processing technology and processing accuracy have been greatly improved. Moreover, some auxiliary tools are used in the processing, such as: parallel ruler, angle ruler, plane grinding equipment, etc., which greatly improves the efficiency and precision of jade processing, shortens the processing cycle, and makes the jade ornament pattern more precise and meticulous. The specifications are more standard. Using modern technology for counterfeiting, the effect can be a bit confusing. But modern means also inevitably leave the era of modern high-precision and high-efficiency processing. There must be a big difference in processing equipment in the Qing Dynasty. This difference is a very important means for us to identify authentic jade.
3. Comparison of paintings between jade articles of the Qing Dynasty and modern imitation jade
The calligraphy paintings of the Qing Dynasty not only inherited the traditional painting art, but also created and developed the artistic style of this era, and constantly influenced other art categories. The art of jade painting is based on the artistic style of various categories in the Qing Dynasty. The unique expression of jade objects fully reflects the history and culture of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the painting design of the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty has a strong sense of the times.
The paintings of modern jade articles, due to the different eras, the imitation of the Qing Dynasty style with modern painting techniques and styles, the effect is always owed to the traditional style. Therefore, the jade that is shaped like a shape can distinguish the authenticity from the style of painting. If the imitation adopts modern photo-engraving technology to solve the problem of painting design, the imitation result also depends on whether the jade can fully exhibit this simulation effect in the grinding process. If the manufacturer lacks a certain foundation of art, and does not fully understand the traditional style, it can not achieve the unity of art and crafts, and still can not produce imitations that are enough to be chaotic. Therefore, it is entirely possible to find the deficiencies and differences in imitation from the style of painting.
Fourth, the comparison of the crafts of jade articles and modern jade in the Qing Dynasty
In the Qing Dynasty, jade equipment had backward conditions such as poor precision, low rotation speed and small grinding amount. Therefore, there must be a certain error in the processing precision of jade. The main performances are: accuracy and symmetry in specifications and standards, line parallelism, base flatness, angular transition error and so on. These process errors are caused by equipment accuracy, grinding media and tools, and are not something that can be changed by the grinding technique. But the jade workers are fully capable of mastering the grinding effect. With low rotation speed and low grinding amount, it can be repeatedly ground and modified until it is fully polished to show the artistic effect of the jade. Although the processing cycle is long and the efficiency is low, it can reflect the artistic effect of the jade, so that the grinding of each part is fine and uniform. Due to the low-speed grinding medium, the jade hand grip can control the grinding amount and grinding strength. When the jade is formed, it can reach a certain degree of smoothness and lay a good foundation for the final polishing process. Due to the precision limit of the equipment and the grinding technique of the jade, the unique artistic style and craft features of the jade in the Qing Dynasty were formed.
Modern equipment and tools are much more advanced than the Qing Dynasty, with high precision and good stability. Conditional processing using modern grinding media and advanced grinding tools, using auxiliary tools to improve machining accuracy, and using a series of other innovative means to improve the imitation effect. This effect is manifested in: the jade ornament pattern is much more elaborate than the Qing Dynasty, and the micro-carving process can be seen clearly with the help of a magnifying glass. The polished finish is very similar to the jade light of the Qing Dynasty. Explain that the use of modern technology equipment is not only fully capable of imitating the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty, but also greatly exceeds the level of jade in the Qing Dynasty in some aspects. However, modern equipment, tools, and technology will cause certain defects and deficiencies in the process. Due to high precision, fast rotation speed and large grinding amount, the line transition is uneven, the grinding depth is inconsistent, the grinding line is not good, and the overall light brightness is poor. From the above effects, some technical analysis can find out which jade articles are made by the traditional crafts of the Qing Dynasty and which are modeled by modern equipment technology.
V. Comparison of grinding media used in the jade of the Qing Dynasty and modern imitation jade
The grinding medium used in the jade production in the Qing Dynasty is the traditional quartz sand (commonly known as mortar). This mortar particle is finely screened, low in purity and noisy with other rock particles. This kind of medium will improve the finish of the jade, and it can make the pattern decoration smooth, the surface is smooth and smooth, there is no sharp grinding scratch, and it is easy to control the grinding amount during the processing. Therefore, the overall impression of the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty is: the process is soft and comfortable, the grinding is moderate, the hand feels good, the light is moderate, and the ornamentation is clear, which fully reflects the artistic effect of the jade.
Modern jade is made of high-purity gold steel sand or diamond powder. The grinding material has good wear resistance, sharp particles, fast grinding speed, large grinding amount and short processing cycle. The jade that is ground is extremely fine. However, it is difficult to control the accuracy and consistency of the grinding due to manual operation, which will result in unstable control of the grinding force, resulting in lines, arcs, curves, poor transition, and poor grinding finish. This deficiency is difficult to re-modify.
The use of modern grinding materials to process jade, the resulting process has a significant difference with the process effect produced by the Qing Dynasty mortar process. From these differences, the authenticity of the jade can be accurately distinguished.
6. Corrosion of jade articles in the Qing Dynasty and comparison of modern imitation jade
Due to the short duration of the jade in the Qing Dynasty, the parts of the jade that were corroded were relatively mild, but there were different degrees of corrosion and ochre in the willow cracks or corners of the jade, which had little effect on the jade. Some of the willow cracks have very fine cracks and zigzag corrosion zones, and the ochre has oily luster and a slight penetration transition. Some crater jade surface adheres to iron oxide rust spots. When the rust spots are peeled off, the surface will leave a pale red erythema that cannot be cleaned, and there is slight skin penetration. The surface of the handed down jade, whether it is a collection or playing a tape, will produce a different degree of oxidation, which is called "pachet". Due to the uneven hardness of the surface of the jade, it will produce extremely fine corrosion spots on the surface. In addition, the corners of the jade are corroded, which will reduce the hardness of the corrosion site and produce a slight corrosion residue. This kind of incompleteness has no sharp sharp corners, and the residual marks are natural.
The modern imitation of the method of corrosion, mainly using artificial crushing, and then carry out enhanced dyeing, in order to counterfeit the natural corrosion of jade. Careful observation will reveal that the structure of the residue produced by this artificial disintegration is significantly different from that of natural formation. The residue is sharp and the dye residue is left in the residue after dyeing. This artificial dyeing is easily washed away. Another method is to use a traditional oil extraction method, which results in a loss of luster on the surface of the jade. Due to artificial strengthening, the phenomenon of impurity sealing is formed in the cracked part of the willow, and there is a stiff ribbon, and there is no transition to deep penetration. After the jade is strengthened, the surface will have a noticeable greasy feel, especially in the hands. This feeling is more obvious. This phenomenon is caused by the continuous overflow of the permeate at a certain temperature. This kind of thinking is that the effect of strengthening and natural penetration is very different, and we can fully experience it in practice.
VII. Comparison of texture between jade articles and modern imitations in the Qing Dynasty
The texture of the jade in the Qing Dynasty includes light, hand, old feeling, smooth feeling, oily texture, and degree of material penetration. The raw jade jade generally maintains the original brilliance, whether it is formed after the formation and into the soil, or into the soil after the life of the tape, the surface will adhere to some sedimentation material, and there is corrosion and sputum phenomenon. Due to the long-term penetration of underground temperature and humidity, the pit jade will soon have a oily texture after being unground. The mature jade jade is generally infiltrated by human body temperature, sweat, moisture, acid and alkali for a long time, and is oxidized by the external environment. After long-term use of the tape, the jade will gradually produce an oily texture, a sense of moisture and a sense of maturity. This depends mainly on the hardness and density of the jade itself. Jade itself has permeability, and the long-term penetration will strengthen the internal refraction of jade, so people feel that the transparency of jade is getting better and better. The mature texture of the jade is formed by long-term dribbling. Because of the grinding, the angular transition of the jade is gradually rounded and the hand feels better. By magnifying the observation, it can be seen that the surface has irregular scratches and scratches. Observed under light, the whiteness of the jade surface is slightly different from the internal whiteness. With the continuation of time and the passing of the world, the jade will gradually show a delicate and oily texture.
Modern imitations do not produce a natural and mature texture effect no matter how the surface texture is strengthened. This short-term strengthening is very different from the long-term natural formation. The main performance is: the jade table has a strong reflection, or the jade table has no luster. These two kinds of imitation luminosity can not fully achieve the texture effect of the jade in the Qing Dynasty. Because there is no long-term process of infiltration and material infiltration in the interior of the jade, there is no sense of refraction formed by refraction, and some jade still have obvious grinding and bright scratches, and no more due to long-term tape. Natural scratches and natural disfigurement. The reason for these phenomena is that imitations do not have such time, environment and conditions, and therefore never produce a natural and mature texture effect.
8. Polishing contrast between jade articles of the Qing Dynasty and modern imitation jade
The bright effect of the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty is closely related to the pre-grinding of jade articles. When the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty were formed, the overall brightness has been greatly improved. Due to the fineness of the polishing material, the overall brightness of the jade is smooth after polishing. It is rare to find that the jade has scratches, and the pattern of the jade still maintains the clear effect of the pre-grinding.
In the early grinding process, modern imitation products are rough and have poor light intensity. In order to achieve high brightness, it takes a long time to enhance polishing. Although the brightness has been improved, due to the enhanced polishing, the jade patterns and ornaments are damaged, and even the fine patterns are blurred. The inner wall of the jade with openwork cannot be effectively polished, resulting in errors in the light of various parts. Modern jade is processed with high efficiency and high precision, and the process defects generated in this case are difficult to overcome and remedy.
The polishing material used is difficult to make the imitation products reach the bright effect of the Qing Dynasty jade.
9. Comparison of the polished jade and modern imitation jade in the grinding plane, openwork and relief
The base surface of the jade wares of the Qing Dynasty was made by artificial shovel, and the plane had a slight wave. The openwork is carried out by means of wire cutting. The cross section is not only perpendicular, but also has a sharp angle between the section and the plane, high cutting brightness and one-time cutting and forming. The embossing is manually calibrated and polished, without relying on any auxiliary tools, and the curved surface and concave surface of the jade are smooth and smooth, and there is little phenomenon of over-fire or uneven grinding.
Modern imitations, such as jade and other jade articles with flat surfaces, are typically processed using surface grinding equipment. This process can make the plane and its flatness but the angle of contact with the relief contact is not good. The frame line of the jade brand is made by grinding in parallel with the ruler. The thickness of the line is finely ground, the consistency is excellent, and the height and parallelism are also very accurate. The modern embossing process, because it is difficult to control the grinding force and the amount of grinding, will result in more or less grinding, uneven lines and depth and meaningless. Although the openwork process also adopts the wire cutting method, the cutting verticality is not good, the cutting surface is rough, and the angle with the plane is not sharp.
Imitations made with modern equipment and new processes are prone to imitation defects. We can find the differences with the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty according to the deficiencies and loopholes generated by the imitation technology and the process gaps exposed by the imitations. To accurately identify the authenticity.
In summary, through the above analysis and comparison, we can clearly understand that the process effect of the jade in the Qing Dynasty is inseparable from the mechanization level of the Qing Dynasty equipment, and the accuracy error of the equipment will inevitably lead to the accuracy error of the product. According to these basic mechanical principles, combined with the characteristics of the times and the artistic effects reflected in the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty, we can have a deeper understanding of the development level of the handicraft industry in the Qing Dynasty.
On the other hand, the analysis also shows the level of development of equipment used in modern imitation jade and its technology and precision. The use of modern equipment technology to manufacture jade has reached a fairly high level, not only inheriting traditional culture but also developing jade culture. However, we have also seen the use of advanced technology to imitate counterfeit goods, in order to achieve the abnormal phenomenon of profiteering.
Some imitations have caused many people to be deceived, and some fakes have even entered the auction market. Collectors and experts can only rely on their own discriminating ability and discriminating level to collect, and the majority of fans can only take the real thing as a counterfeit price to buy, or blindly buy, pay a lot of tuition fees that should not be paid. . The main reason for this consequence is that they do not understand modern counterfeiting techniques, do not master a series of tactics, and believe in counterfeiting experts. Therefore, only profoundly summarizing the lessons learned can be gradually matured through the combination of theory and practice.
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