Background: As one of the world's most prestigious technology lists, MIT Technology Review's top ten global breakthrough technologies have great global influence and authority, and have been held for more than 16 years. Some of the annual rankings have already been applied in reality, and some still take time, but their importance is undoubtedly ruthless, destined to have a major impact on our economic and political life in the future, and even completely change the whole The cultural face of society.
On February 21st, MIT Technology Review ("MIT Top Ten Technology" 2017" list was unveiled in Beijing, intensive learning, 360° self-timer, gene therapy 2.0, cell map, auto-driving truck, brush face payment, 000,591 solar, photovoltaic cells buying heat, practical quantum computer, cure paralysis, networking and other ten zombies technology selected.
In recent years, artificial intelligence has become an investment field in which capital is chasing. In this year's list, there are many areas of artificial intelligence, such as reinforcement learning, driverlessness, and facial recognition, and genetic engineering, new energy, and quantum computing are receiving more and more attention.
1
Reinforcement Learning - making machines smarter than people
Forward reinforcement learning combined with large deep neural networks gives people the ability to solve complex problems.
Reinforcement learning enables computers to learn independently as people without explicit guidance. In this way, the computer can solve the problem through trial and error and associate the positive result with the behavior. This allows the computer to learn without specific instructions or paradigms, but to autonomously honed skills through environmental experience. This change has made the pace of progress in autonomous vehicles and other automation areas much faster.
In this research field, the most famous is AlphaGo of Google's DeepMind, which is a master of Go through iterative training of self-matched intensification training; and Mobileye (MBLY) uses the reinforcement learning algorithm to train the optimization and upgrade of the neural network of the driving decision system.
In China, IFLYTEK 002,230, has been bought for reinforcement learning to expand in multiple directions of research and applications, including interactive systems, intelligent customer service system, machine-assisted driving, robotic 300024, buy control direction, have been Applied research. The company also plans to send robots into the college entrance examination room, and compete with ordinary candidates.
In addition, Microsoft Research Asia is also conducting research in this area.
Related companies: DeepMind, Mobileye, Google, Uber, HKUST, Alibaba, Baidu.
2
Self-Driving Trucks - a technology that can replace truck drivers
This technology allows long-distance buses to drive automatically on highways, helping truck drivers to carry out their transportation tasks more efficiently. When the driverless technology is truly mature, the rental car and the 2B commercial cargo field in the sharing economy will reach the fastest.
In October last year, Uber's unmanned truck company Otto completed the first commercial unmanned truck cargo project, driving a total of 200 kilometers, the only real driver on the car was always sitting in the lounge behind the cab, and did not touch for a moment. Over the steering wheel.
This is the first time that autonomous trucks have completed commercial transportation tasks. It has proved the great potential of this technology to the world, but the current technology can only switch to the automatic driving mode when the truck is at high speed.
The demand for unmanned trucks comes from the real driver gap. The US truck industry accounts for 70% of the US traffic, and by 2024 the driver gap will increase to 175,000.
Currently, Uber, Volvo, Dalem and Pittbilt are developing their own self-driving truck technology.
China's self-driving trucks are also very bright in the future: At present, China has 7.2 million trucks and 16 million long-distance drivers responsible for the transportation of materials on the intercity highway. The entire industry value is as high as 300 billion US dollars, while the driver's wage costs account for transportation. 40% of the total cost. If you use a self-driving truck, some long-distance transportation tasks that would otherwise require two or three drivers to work together can be done by one driver.
At present, China's freight services are mixed, and the public is generally expecting this industry to undergo major rectification. In addition, the industry supervision is relatively loose, giving enterprises a lot of room for innovation. Driven by these two factors, China's autonomous driving truck industry is expected to develop rapidly.
Internet giants Baidu and truck manufacturer Foton Motor 600166, teamed up to buy, and Shanghai New International Exhibition Center released the country's first automated driving a truck in November 2016.
Related companies: Uber, Volvo, Dalem, Pittbilt, Baidu.
3
Paying with Your Face
Face recognition technology is now very accurate and has a wide range of applications, including early security surveillance, secure payments, and the recent unmanned vehicle systems.
At present, technology giants have deployed facial recognition: Apple has acquired facial recognition related technology companies such as Polar Rose, Prime Sense, Perceptio, Faceshift, Emotient, Turi, and Realface, and the future iPhone 8 will have facial recognition. Google has acquired face recognition systems companies PittPatt and Viewdle. In the automotive sector, Honda launched an unmanned vehicle with an emotional engine at 17 years at CES, and Neckar launched the Co-Pilot system with face recognition technology. Startups, including Face++, Visionics, and MirOS, also have advanced technologies for face recognition.
Face++ is a Chinese startup with a valuation of more than $1 billion, and Face++'s face recognition technology has been on the mobile app for some time. At present, Alipay can already use face recognition for authorized payment; in the “Drip Tipping†software, the user can see the driver’s real name authentication and face authentication information, and any user who wants to register as a “Drip Driver†needs to Scan and perform face recognition authentication in front of the camera.
In China, face recognition systems are now used for authorized payments, device access, and criminal tracking. As the first country in the world to adopt face recognition technology, China's policies on monitoring and privacy have been greatly promoted.
After decades of development, the accuracy of face recognition technology has reached the level of financial transactions. On the other hand, face recognition is also closely integrated with deep learning.
For example, researchers at Baidu, China's largest search engine, are also combining face recognition and machine learning, and have implemented software to identify faces and real-life faces. In a recent TV show, the face recognition software developed by Baidu launched a confrontation with the people. The two sides simultaneously observed the photos of the guests and identified them as real people. As a result, Baidu's face recognition system won.
Baidu is developing a system for face recognition to take train tickets, and the pilot was selected in Wuzhen. A sufficient flow of people in this tourist city will provide sufficient data for system experiments. It is reported that this will require millions of faces to be entered into the database to achieve a correct recognition rate of 99%.
Keda Xunfei is also a typical example: the company and China's largest bank card joint organization jointly developed the "voice + face P2P transfer" product - "voice + face" fusion certification personal transfer application. Through this application, the user only needs to say something like "I want to give (name) transfer (amount)", and then through the "voice + face" combined biometric authentication, the transfer operation can be completed.
Major companies: Baidu, Keda News, Alibaba, contempt Face++.
4
Gene Therapy 2.0 GE ne Therapy 2.0) - Changing genes can cure diseases
Researchers have been pursuing the dream of gene therapy for decades. Gene therapy uses a modified virus to deliver a healthy copy of the relevant gene to a patient carrying a defective gene for therapeutic purposes with a promising future. However, so far, the disappointment caused by gene therapy is far greater than hope.
Part of the reason for the failure of early gene therapy stems from its delivery mechanism, because new genetic material (engineering genes) and carrier viruses that carry them to cells are erroneously delivered to other locations in the genome, which activates certain patients. An oncogene in the body, or an overreaction to the patient's immune system, leading to multiple organ failure and brain death.
But now, some key challenges have been solved, and gene therapy will also usher in the dawn: researchers use more efficient viruses to transport new functional genes into cells.
Many diseases are caused by a single genetic mutation, and new gene therapy can completely cure these diseases.
In the United States, Spark Therapeutics is expected to be the first gene therapy startup to enter the market, which has developed gene therapy for progressive blindness. There are many other gene therapies under study that are eyeing the treatment of hemophilia and a hereditary skin disability called epidermolytic vesicular disease.
At present, most of the gene therapy companies are startups, such as: Accurate editing of plant gene company CA ribouBiosciences, detection of breast cancer and ovarian cancer genes Veritas Genetic, 23 genetic and genetic testing technology 23andMe, portable nanopore DNA / RNA sequencing Instrument production company Oxford Nanopore and DNA application store Helix (Illumina subsidiary).
5
The Cell Atlas - What is the body?
What is the body composed of?
The next biological mega project will answer. Scientists are building an ultra-detailed "human cell map" that defines living cells through the contents of the cell.
This is a plan to capture and view millions of cells individually using the most powerful tools in modern genomics and cell biology. The goal of this project is to build the first comprehensive "cell map" or human cell map. Its implementation will for the first time fully reveal what the human body is made of, and provide scientists with a new complex biological model to speed up drug development.
In order to perform this task of decoding 37.2 trillion cells of the human body, a consortium of international scientists from the United States, Britain, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, and Japan is assigning tasks, including detecting the molecular characteristics of each cell, and giving each cell A specific "zip code" in the human body space.
From the hairy neurons that fill the brain and spinal cord to the glutinousfat cells of the skin, previous attempts to describe cells have shown that there are about 300 cells in total, but the real numbers will undoubtedly be larger.
The executors of cell mapping research are mainly leading research institutes, including the Sanger Institute in the UK, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, and funded by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. A brand new "Biohub Institute" in California. In September last year, Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, made cell mapping research the first goal of a $3 billion medical research donation.
6
Hot Solar Cells - double the efficiency of solar cells
This new design may give birth to cheap solar power technology that can still work after sunset, a technology that doubles the efficiency of solar cells.
Solar panels cover more and more roofs, but despite the technology that has evolved over the decades, these silicon-based battery assemblies are cumbersome, expensive, and inefficient. Theoretical limitations allow these conventional photovoltaic panels to absorb only a fraction of the energy in sunlight.
And this new type of solar equipment takes advantage of engineering innovations and the latest advances in materials science to capture more solar energy. The secret of this technology is to first turn sunlight into heat, then turn it back into light, and gather it in the spectral range that solar cells can use.
Although many researchers have been developing this technology for solar thermal photovoltaics for many years, the MIT device is the first device that can absorb more energy than just using photovoltaic cells, indicating the method. Can significantly improve efficiency.
In addition, researchers are exploring another advantage of how to use solar thermal photovoltaic cells. Since heat is easier to store than electricity, it should be possible to store excess heat generated by the device so that it can be used to generate electricity even when the sun is not emitting light.
If researchers can integrate heat storage equipment and increase efficiency levels, the system will one day be able to achieve clean, cheap and continuous solar power supply.
7
Practical Quantum Computers - Making Stable Quantum Bits
When running artificial intelligence programs and dealing with complex simulation and planning problems, quantum computers can be exponentially faster than traditional computers, and quantum computers can even create passwords that cannot be cracked. This breakthrough can create stable qubits.
Although quantum computers are the biggest favorites of the “Top Ten Breakthrough Technologies†every year, they all come to the same conclusion every year: they are still not practical.
But this year, scientists are turning the previous theoretical design into reality. Not only that, but funds from companies such as Google, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft are flowing in, to develop technologies for building a working quantum computer, including microelectronics, complex circuits, and control software. , providing strong financial support.
At the application level, quantum computers are especially suitable for decomposing massive amounts of data, making it easy to crack most existing cryptographic techniques and possibly designing passwords that cannot be cracked. In addition, quantum computers are also suitable for solving complex optimization problems and performing machine learning algorithms. Of course, there may be many applications that people have not yet thought of.
Major companies: Intel, Google, Microsoft, IBM.
8
360° Selfie (The 360-Degree Selfie) - easy to shoot live shots
How can you easily make 360° panoramic shots when you go hiking in a beautiful valley? How can you let your friends and family sit at home and share the beauty of nature with you? When you buy a ticket at a high price, sit in the arena waiting for Barcelona to start the game against Real Madrid, how to shoot and save this century showdown in all directions? That's right, a 360° panoramic camera will help you.
Not long ago, it was not so easy to complete a panoramic shot: either you need to stitch multiple cameras to shoot, or you can buy expensive special cameras. Even with these two methods, the post-image processing process is very cumbersome, time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Thanks to the technology's blessing, most people can now afford a 360° panoramic camera that is more convenient and easy to use. The price of $500 is equivalent to the entry-level SLR.
Not only that, most of the current panoramic cameras have corresponding mobile apps to view the framing situation and the photos taken, and the photos and videos uploaded to the network have become very easy. The panoramic camera simplifies the process of stitching photos, and the delay is greatly shortened, and image processing can be performed even on the camera side.
The era of national live broadcasting has thus begun.
John Carmack, chief technology officer of Oculus VR, predicted: "In the future, only half of the time people use virtual reality is to play games, and the other half is to travel or do something realistic, such as attending. A wedding."
According to statistics, the market share of spherical panoramic cameras accounted for 1% of global cameras in 2016, and has increased to 4% by the beginning of 2017. The rise of panoramic cameras is unstoppable.
Major companies: Ricoh, 360fly, Samsung, JK Imaging (manufacturer of Kodak Pixpro cameras), IC Real Tech (manufacturer of ALLie cameras), Humaneyes Technologies (manufacturer of panoramic camera Vuze).
9
Reversing Paralysis - Treatment with brain implants
Millions of people around the world have been tortured by shackles, eager to get rid of the disease all the time. The breakthrough uses wireless brain-body electronic components to bypass the damage of the nervous system to achieve motion.
Scientists have made significant progress in using brain implants to restore the loss of freedom of movement caused by spinal cord injury. In recent years, with the aid of brain implants, a small number of patients have been able to control the computer cursor or the robotic arm by thinking. Now researchers are experimenting with the next big step: healing cockroaches.
Scientists use radio to connect brain reading technology directly to the body's electrical stimulators, creating so-called "neural bypasses" that allow people to regain control of their limbs. In addition to treating sputum, scientists hope to use the so-called "neural prosthesis" to restore vision by placing a chip in the eye, or to restore the memory of Alzheimer's patients.
The main research institutions are: Paris Polytechnic University, Lausanne Institute of Technology (EPFL), Wyss Institute at Harvard, University of Pittsburgh, Case Western Reserve University.
ten
Botnets of ThinGS
This technology can infect and control malware for cameras, monitors, and other consumer electronics products, causing massive network shackles. With the continuous development of the Internet of Things, botnets based on this malware will become more and more damaging to the Internet, and will become more and more difficult to stop, and the risks will increase.
A botnet is not a new technology. As early as 2000, hackers arbitrarily released the powerful Distributed Denial-of Service Attack (DD s) by collecting the power of all the computers in the botnet. The target website or server being attacked will be overloaded due to a large amount of data traffic.
Nowadays, with the emergence of a large number of inexpensive cameras, monitors and other IoT products, these products often do not take any security measures, and hackers can easily control them, and these devices will only be truly safe after being unplugged. .
The result is that botnets are getting bigger and bigger, and their attack capabilities are getting stronger. Today's large botnets have the ability to attack several targets simultaneously.
In 2011, the number of networked devices worldwide was 8 billion, compared with 17.4 billion in 2016. In the next few years, equipment with security risks will exponentially increase, and the size and power of botnets will increase.
Hackers can use the botnet to "click fraud" (Click Fraud) to trick advertisers into thinking that people have to watch or click on the ads they serve in order to earn a lot of advertising costs. If hackers who control botnets find a more efficient and secret method for click fraud, the entire Internet advertising business model will collapse.
In addition, because botnets can speed up brute force cracking, it can also bypass spam filters, perform bitcoin mining, and do anything that requires a lot of equipment. This means that the benefits behind botnets will also grow.
For the country, this is also a powerful electronic warfare weapon.
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